1) All TypoScript code is written in Courier like:
page = PAGE
page.typeNum=0
page.10 = TEXT
page.10.value = Hello world
2) Most examples omit the first two lines, which are assume to be present:
page.10 = TEXT
page.10.value = Hello world
3) Code may be shortend if examples are given where only a single line is changed. Changes are normally highlighted with red.
page.10 = TEXT
page.10.value = Hello world
page.10.case = upper
could also be stated:
...
page.10.case = upper